Kali Linux 2022.3 Virtual Box Installation Tips & Tricks

Where to Get Kali Linux 2022.3 for Your Virtual Box VM

First, there are at least two ways to do this and I’ve chosen option #1 which might be the harder of the two. Let’s not let that stop us shall we?

This article focuses on how to get Kali Linux 2022.3 ISO installation running on a Virtual Box VM including some solutions to common issues you might run in to.

You can download the ISO images for your processor type. I chose the installer: kali-linux-2022.3-installer-amd64.iso
You can also download the Kali Linux 2022.3 Virtual Box images but the installation is just a little bit different.

Setting up the Kali Linux ISO for Installation on Virtual Box VM

I’m trying to get Kali Linux 2022.3 up and running and I’ve not touched a Kali Linux install since 2019. Apparently some things have changed and there are new challenges as there are with every release and VM environment.

New Changes to Kali Linux Setup of Root User Since Version 2022.1

With versions of Kali prior to 2020.1, the root user had a default password.

Some older versions of Kali had a default user /password combos like root/ toor and a little later is was kali/kali.

With the release of Kali Linux 2020.1, they changed to a non-root user policy by default.

When installing amd64 and i386 images, it will prompt you for a standard user account to be created. That’s it, no more setting up a root user during install!
You’ll need tip #2 below to help you create the missing root user for your Kali Linux 2022.3 install once you get past the blank screen issue You can’t fight what you can’t see. 🙂

Black Screen After Logging in to New Install of Kali Linux 2022.3

My very first issue was the “Black Screen” after logging in with the standard account we created during setup.

Luckily, I’d found a helpful person who posted their solution for the Kali Linux Black Screen after Install issue. This was the very first issue I hit installing Kali Linux 2022.3.

The issue as you’ll see in this helpful video, is missing information we need from the Virtual Box Guest Additions CD.

Steps to Fix Kali Linux 2022.3 Black Screen

All of these steps should be in the video but I’ll describe them below so you can follow along with the video.

In Virtual Box go to Devices for your VM and add the Virtual Box Guest Additions ISO as your CDROM device.
From the command line enter:
sudo mount /dev/cdrom /media/cdrom
ls
VBoxLinuxAdditions.run

Video: Fix for Kali Linux 2022.3 Black Screen

Fixing Root User After Installing Kali Linux 2022.3

The seconds issue I encountered after installing Kali Linux 2022.3 was that we were only aloud to setup a standard user during the installation so we don’t actually have access to root user now. How do we fix this?

Video: How to Fix Root User in Kali Linux 2022.3 After Installation

This trick also works in general if you’ve forgotten your root password to Kali Linux any time.

Summary

These solutions fixed my issues with the missing root user and Black Screen in Kali Linux 2022.3.

I hope you’ve found this content helpful in your own journey in to Cyber.

~CyberAbyss

Kali Linux Install or Updates Failing Due to Invalid Signature

Apt-Get Install Fails with Err1 & 404 Not Found Error

After firing up an old Kali Linux VM and trying to update a software package, I discovered that Kali Linux would not install any new packages nor would it install the latest Operating System update.

I kept getting an error, Err1, and a HTTP 404 Not Found saying it was failing to fetch the packages or updates.

Below are screenshots of the first error I saw when running apt-get install sshpass.

Apt-Get Update Error

I also got a different error when I tried to run apt-get update. This time the error references an invalid signature.

Fix for Kali Linux Invalid Signature Error

Important Notes:

The invalid signature in the error was ED444FF07D8D0BF6, we’ll only need the last part, 7D8D0BF6 for our command.
The key server reference is one I had found on an article on the internet but apparently there are other key servers you can reference as well.

To fix the Invalid Signature error, we’ll have to enter the following command. As of this writing, this command worked for me if entered verbatim.

EXAMPLE:
sudo apt-key adv --keyserver hkp://keyserver.ubuntu.com:80 --recv-keys $key

WHAT I ACTUALLY RAN:
root@kali:/etc/apt# apt-key adv --keyserver hkp://keyserver.ubuntu.com:80 --recv-keys 7D8D0BF6

Executing: /tmp/apt-key-gpghome.a5zcatYyQB/gpg.1.sh --keyserver hkp://keyserver.ubuntu.com:80 --recv-keys 7D8D0BF6
gpg: key ED444FF07D8D0BF6: 22 duplicate signatures removed
gpg: key ED444FF07D8D0BF6: 223 signatures not checked due to missing keys
gpg: key ED444FF07D8D0BF6: "Kali Linux Repository <devel@kali.org>" 238 new signatures
gpg: Total number processed: 1
gpg:         new signatures: 238

Video: Kali Linux Signature Error Fix

Other Helpful Kali Linux References

In the steps above I kind of gloss over some technical parts.

One of those topics was Kali Linux repositories. I’m not an expert on it but know it was important part of troubleshooting and solving my problem. Basically knowing enough to know that was not my issue so I could rule it out.

If you have questions about or just want to dive in to the topic of repositories follow the link below. The page addresses items people frequently get wrong as it can be a bit confusing.

https://stackoverflow.com/questions/66217436/error-gpg-keyserver-receive-failed-no-name

https://www.kali.org/docs/general-use/kali-linux-sources-list-repositories/

USB Wireless Issues Running Kali Linux on Virtual box / device descriptor read/64 error 71

Background

I was running an older copy of Kali Linux using Virtual box and was not having very many issues connecting USB resources.

I upgraded to Kali Linux 2017.3

Now I’m having all sorts of problems with the USB wireless card that I was not having before with all the same equipment. Now I’m seeing a message at boot up, “device descriptor read/64 error 71” and intermittently “device descriptor read error “-110” . Sorry, no screenshots.

Looks like the errors are reporting an issue with the USB port not providing enough power. This is probably more Debian related or whichever Linux distros are using the same usbcore module from what I’ve read so far.

Below are the troubleshooting steps I took that seem to have remedied my situation. Hope this helps someone.

UPDATE *

I still recommend you do the steps described below anyway but there is another issue and I won’t take any credit for the solution but I’ll give you the link. It is a USB power issue.

https://paulphilippov.com/articles/how-to-fix-device-not-accepting-address-error

Adjust USB Power Management on the Host PC

The first place we go is to the Windows PC that is hosting Virtual box and is providing the USB resource. Maybe Windows is managing power on the Wireless USB card and killing the connection to our Kali Linux instance.

So on the Windows host PC.

Go to > Device Manger > Network Adapters

Mouse over network adapter and right click, select properties.

Uncheck – “Allow the computer to turn off this device to save power.”

Make sure that the Windows host PC is not managing the power on this device. Basically turning it off while Kali Linux is trying to use it.

USB Power Mangement in Kali Linux

Enter the two commands below to change the USB power management settings in the usbcore module :

* Logged in as root:

root@kali:~# echo -1 >/sys/module/usbcore/parameters/autosuspend
root@kali:~# echo 1 >/sys/module/usbcore/parameters/use_both_schemes

Installing Virtualbox Guest Additions on Kali Linux, When nothing goes right and how I fixed it.

The Problem.. How it all started

I’m getting various errors when installing Virtualbox Guest Additions on a Kali Linux VM.

Troubleshooting Resources the Helped

Online articles and resources:
– https://askubuntu.com/questions/80341/unable-to-mount-virtualbox-guest-additions-as-a-guest-win7-host
– https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KAWRNjKpEd0
– https://askubuntu.com/questions/75709/how-do-i-install-kernel-header-files
– https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/328655/cant-install-linux-headers-kali-linux
– https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SOEYLMmfxKk

Below are the specific steps extracted from the command line history below which contains all of my troubleshooting session. I did fix it so if you follow along you can see my steps and the output from them. Hope this helps!

Troubleshooting Steps

Copy to desktop copy of VBoxLinuxAdditions.run from Guest Additions CD
run chmod +x ./VBoxLinusAdditions.run on Desktop copy
Attempt to fix headers on recommendation by upgrading of Linux components using: # apt update -y && apt upgrade -y && ajpt dist-upgrade
Realize that last step didn’t fix issue and that specific issue header module is corrupt or missing.
Find out what header modules are available using: apt-cache search linux-headers
Selected and installed module using: apt-get install linux-headers-4.13.0-kali1-all-amd64
Run ./VBoxLinuxAdditions.run
Success

Linux Command Line of Trial and Error w/ Fix

root@kali:~# ./VBoxLinuxAdditions.run
Verifying archive integrity... All good.
Uncompressing VirtualBox 5.2.2 Guest Additions for Linux........
VirtualBox Guest Additions installer
Removing installed version 5.2.2 of VirtualBox Guest Additions...
Copying additional installer modules ...
Installing additional modules ...
VirtualBox Guest Additions: Building the VirtualBox Guest Additions kernel modules.
This system is currently not set up to build kernel modules.
Please install the Linux kernel "header" files matching the current kernel
for adding new hardware support to the system.
The distribution packages containing the headers are probably:
    linux-headers-amd64 linux-headers-4.13.0-kali1-amd64
VirtualBox Guest Additions: Starting.
VirtualBox Guest Additions: Building the VirtualBox Guest Additions kernel modules.
This system is currently not set up to build kernel modules.
Please install the Linux kernel "header" files matching the current kernel
for adding new hardware support to the system.
The distribution packages containing the headers are probably:
    linux-headers-amd64 linux-headers-4.13.0-kali1-amd64
root@kali:~# clear

root@kali:~# apt update -y && apt upgrade -y && ajpt dist-upgrade
Get:2 https://packages.microsoft.com/repos/vscode stable InRelease [2,802 B]
Get:1 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling InRelease [30.5 kB]    
Get:3 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 Packages [15.6 MB]
Get:4 https://packages.microsoft.com/repos/vscode stable/main amd64 Packages [33.4 kB]
Get:5 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/non-free amd64 Packages [166 kB]
Get:6 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/contrib amd64 Packages [113 kB]
Fetched 16.0 MB in 4s (3,495 kB/s)                   
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree       
Reading state information... Done
86 packages can be upgraded. Run 'apt list --upgradable' to see them.
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree       
Reading state information... Done
Calculating upgrade... Done
The following packages were automatically installed and are no longer required:
  libarmadillo7 libxerces-c3.1
Use 'apt autoremove' to remove them.
The following NEW packages will be installed:
  libarmadillo8 libconfig-inifiles-perl libxerces-c3.2 python-jwt
The following packages will be upgraded:
  aircrack-ng cabextract cgpt console-setup console-setup-linux exim4-base
  exim4-config exim4-daemon-light flasm fontconfig fontconfig-config
  fonts-noto-mono gdal-bin gdal-data glusterfs-common iproute2 iso-codes
  keyboard-configuration libaprutil1 libaprutil1-dbd-sqlite3 libaprutil1-ldap
  libc-bin libc-dev-bin libc-l10n libc6 libc6-dbg libc6-dev
  libdbd-sqlite3-perl libdevel-partialdump-perl libdevel-stacktrace-perl
  libfcgi-bin libfcgi0ldbl libfontconfig1 libgcab-1.0-0 libgdal20 libkeyutils1
  libmailutils5 libmariadbclient18 libmysofa0 libopenmpt0 liborc-0.4-0
  libsmbclient libtevent0 libwbclient0 libwebp6 libwebpdemux2 libwebpmux3
  libwww-perl locales locales-all mailutils mailutils-common man-db
  mariadb-client-10.1 mariadb-client-core-10.1 mariadb-common
  mariadb-server-10.1 mariadb-server-core-10.1 metasploit-framework
  multiarch-support nano python-cairo python-construct python-cryptography
  python-gdal python-gi python-gobject python-samba python3-cairo
  python3-construct python3-cryptography python3-gi python3-gi-cairo
  python3-pyatspi samba samba-common samba-common-bin samba-dsdb-modules
  samba-libs samba-vfs-modules smbclient socat vboot-kernel-utils vboot-utils
  winexe xauth
86 upgraded, 4 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.
Need to get 173 MB/177 MB of archives.
After this operation, 3,631 kB disk space will be freed.
Get:1 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 libc-l10n all 2.25-2 [844 kB]
Get:2 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 locales all 2.25-2 [3,287 kB]
Get:3 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 locales-all amd64 2.25-2 [3,603 kB]
Get:4 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 libc6 amd64 2.25-2 [2,727 kB]
Get:5 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 libc-bin amd64 2.25-2 [788 kB]
Get:6 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 libc6-dbg amd64 2.25-2 [9,365 kB]
Get:7 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 libc-dev-bin amd64 2.25-2 [262 kB]
Get:8 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 libc6-dev amd64 2.25-2 [2,431 kB]
Get:9 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 man-db amd64 2.7.6.1-4 [1,047 kB]
Get:10 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 console-setup-linux all 1.171 [982 kB]
Get:11 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 console-setup all 1.171 [103 kB]
Get:12 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 keyboard-configuration all 1.171 [401 kB]
Get:13 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 fontconfig-config all 2.12.6-0.1 [304 kB]
Get:14 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 libfontconfig1 amd64 2.12.6-0.1 [368 kB]
Get:15 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 fontconfig amd64 2.12.6-0.1 [439 kB]
Get:16 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 samba-vfs-modules amd64 2:4.7.3+dfsg-1 [402 kB]
Get:17 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 samba-dsdb-modules amd64 2:4.7.3+dfsg-1 [342 kB]
Get:18 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 samba amd64 2:4.7.3+dfsg-1 [954 kB]
Get:19 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 samba-common-bin amd64 2:4.7.3+dfsg-1 [615 kB]
Get:20 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 smbclient amd64 2:4.7.3+dfsg-1 [448 kB]
Get:21 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 libsmbclient amd64 2:4.7.3+dfsg-1 [153 kB]
Get:22 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 winexe amd64 1.1~20140107-0kali6+b3 [32.4 kB]
Get:23 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 python-samba amd64 2:4.7.3+dfsg-1 [2,018 kB]
Get:24 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 samba-libs amd64 2:4.7.3+dfsg-1 [5,402 kB]
Get:25 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 libwbclient0 amd64 2:4.7.3+dfsg-1 [127 kB]
Get:26 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 samba-common all 2:4.7.3+dfsg-1 [162 kB]
Get:27 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 mariadb-common all 1:10.1.29-6 [28.2 kB]
Get:28 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 mariadb-client-core-10.1 amd64 1:10.1.29-6 [4,764 kB]
Get:29 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 libconfig-inifiles-perl all 2.94-1 [53.4 kB]
Get:30 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 mariadb-server-10.1 amd64 1:10.1.29-6 [5,050 kB]
Get:31 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 mariadb-client-10.1 amd64 1:10.1.29-6 [5,649 kB]
Get:32 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 mariadb-server-core-10.1 amd64 1:10.1.29-6 [4,920 kB]
Get:33 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 multiarch-support amd64 2.25-2 [204 kB]
Get:34 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 nano amd64 2.9.0-1 [512 kB]
Get:35 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 libkeyutils1 amd64 1.5.9-9.2 [12.9 kB]
Get:36 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 aircrack-ng amd64 1:1.2-0~rc4-4 [2,722 kB]
Get:37 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 cabextract amd64 1.6-1.1 [31.5 kB]
Get:38 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 cgpt amd64 0~R63-10032.B-2 [30.3 kB]
Get:39 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 exim4-config all 4.89-11 [317 kB]
Get:40 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 exim4-base amd64 4.89-11 [1,093 kB]
Get:41 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 exim4-daemon-light amd64 4.89-11 [546 kB]
Get:42 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 flasm amd64 1.62-10 [90.2 kB]
Get:43 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 gdal-data all 2.2.2+dfsg-2 [566 kB]
Get:44 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 libarmadillo8 amd64 1:8.200.2+dfsg-1 [82.3 kB]
Get:45 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 libmariadbclient18 amd64 1:10.1.29-6 [737 kB]
Get:46 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 libwebp6 amd64 0.6.0-4 [254 kB]
Get:47 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 libxerces-c3.2 amd64 3.2.0+debian-2 [863 kB]
Get:48 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 libgdal20 amd64 2.2.2+dfsg-2+b3 [5,318 kB]
Get:49 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 gdal-bin amd64 2.2.2+dfsg-2+b3 [373 kB]
Get:50 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 python-jwt all 1.5.3+ds1-1 [18.4 kB]
Get:51 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 glusterfs-common amd64 3.12.3-1 [5,188 kB]
Get:52 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 iso-codes all 3.77-1 [2,398 kB]
Get:53 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 libaprutil1-ldap amd64 1.6.1-1 [16.3 kB]
Get:54 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 libaprutil1-dbd-sqlite3 amd64 1.6.1-1 [18.2 kB]
Get:55 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 libaprutil1 amd64 1.6.1-1 [91.1 kB]
Get:56 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 libdbd-sqlite3-perl amd64 1.55~04-1 [166 kB]
Get:57 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 libdevel-partialdump-perl all 0.20-1 [15.3 kB]
Get:58 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 libdevel-stacktrace-perl all 2.0300-1 [28.0 kB]
Get:59 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 libfcgi-bin amd64 2.4.0-10 [12.4 kB]
Get:60 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 libfcgi0ldbl amd64 2.4.0-10 [155 kB]
Get:61 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 libgcab-1.0-0 amd64 0.7-5 [28.8 kB]
Get:62 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 mailutils amd64 1:3.4-1 [581 kB]
Get:63 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 libmailutils5 amd64 1:3.4-1 [873 kB]
Get:64 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 mailutils-common all 1:3.4-1 [678 kB]
Get:65 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 libmysofa0 amd64 0.6~dfsg0-2 [37.9 kB]
Get:66 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 libopenmpt0 amd64 0.3.3-1 [572 kB]
Get:67 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 liborc-0.4-0 amd64 1:0.4.28-1 [141 kB]
Get:68 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 libwebpdemux2 amd64 0.6.0-4 [81.7 kB]
Get:69 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 libwebpmux3 amd64 0.6.0-4 [91.8 kB]
Get:70 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 libwww-perl all 6.29-1 [186 kB]
Get:71 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 metasploit-framework amd64 4.16.19-0kali1 [88.8 MB]
Get:72 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 python-gdal amd64 2.2.2+dfsg-2+b3 [755 kB]
Get:73 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 python3-pyatspi all 2.26.0+dfsg-1 [34.6 kB]
Get:74 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 vboot-kernel-utils amd64 0~R63-10032.B-2 [268 kB]
Get:75 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 vboot-utils amd64 0~R63-10032.B-2 [121 kB]
Get:76 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 xauth amd64 1:1.0.10-1 [40.3 kB]
Fetched 173 MB in 23s (7,473 kB/s)                                             
apt-listchanges: Reading changelogs...
Extracting templates from packages: 100%
Preconfiguring packages ...
(Reading database ... 327440 files and directories currently installed.)
Preparing to unpack .../libc-l10n_2.25-2_all.deb ...
Unpacking libc-l10n (2.25-2) over (2.24-17) ...
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Checking for services that may need to be restarted...
Checking init scripts...
Unpacking libc6:amd64 (2.25-2) over (2.24-17) ...
Setting up libc6:amd64 (2.25-2) ...
Checking for services that may need to be restarted...
Checking init scripts...

Restarting services possibly affected by the upgrade:
  cron: restarting...done.

Services restarted successfully.
(Reading database ... 327440 files and directories currently installed.)
Preparing to unpack .../libc-bin_2.25-2_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking libc-bin (2.25-2) over (2.24-17) ...
Setting up libc-bin (2.25-2) ...
(Reading database ... 327440 files and directories currently installed.)
Preparing to unpack .../00-libc6-dbg_2.25-2_amd64.deb ...
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Unpacking samba-vfs-modules (2:4.7.3+dfsg-1) over (2:4.7.1+dfsg-2) ...
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Unpacking samba-dsdb-modules (2:4.7.3+dfsg-1) over (2:4.7.1+dfsg-2) ...
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Unpacking samba (2:4.7.3+dfsg-1) over (2:4.7.1+dfsg-2) ...
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Unpacking winexe (1.1~20140107-0kali6+b3) over (1.1~20140107-0kali6+b2) ...
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Unpacking mariadb-common (1:10.1.29-6) over (10.1.26-1) ...
Preparing to unpack .../23-mariadb-client-core-10.1_1%3a10.1.29-6_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking mariadb-client-core-10.1 (1:10.1.29-6) over (10.1.26-1) ...
Selecting previously unselected package libconfig-inifiles-perl.
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Unpacking libconfig-inifiles-perl (2.94-1) ...
Setting up mariadb-common (1:10.1.29-6) ...
(Reading database ... 327475 files and directories currently installed.)
Preparing to unpack .../00-mariadb-server-10.1_1%3a10.1.29-6_amd64.deb ...
/var/lib/mysql: found previous version 10.1
Unpacking mariadb-server-10.1 (1:10.1.29-6) over (10.1.26-1) ...
Preparing to unpack .../01-mariadb-client-10.1_1%3a10.1.29-6_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking mariadb-client-10.1 (1:10.1.29-6) over (10.1.26-1) ...
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Unpacking mariadb-server-core-10.1 (1:10.1.29-6) over (10.1.26-1) ...
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Unpacking socat (1.7.3.2-2) over (1.7.3.2-1) ...
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Unpacking multiarch-support (2.25-2) over (2.24-17) ...
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Unpacking nano (2.9.0-1) over (2.8.7-1) ...
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Unpacking libkeyutils1:amd64 (1.5.9-9.2) over (1.5.9-9) ...
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Unpacking aircrack-ng (1:1.2-0~rc4-4) over (1:1.2-0~rc4-2) ...
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Unpacking cabextract (1.6-1.1) over (1.6-1+b1) ...
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Unpacking exim4-base (4.89-11) over (4.89-7) ...
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Unpacking exim4-daemon-light (4.89-11) over (4.89-7) ...
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Unpacking flasm (1.62-10) over (1.62-8) ...
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Unpacking fonts-noto-mono (20171026-2) over (20161116-1) ...
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Unpacking gdal-data (2.2.2+dfsg-2) over (2.2.2+dfsg-1) ...
Selecting previously unselected package libarmadillo8.
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Unpacking libarmadillo8 (1:8.200.2+dfsg-1) ...
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Unpacking libwebp6:amd64 (0.6.0-4) over (0.6.0-3) ...
Selecting previously unselected package libxerces-c3.2:amd64.
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Unpacking libxerces-c3.2:amd64 (3.2.0+debian-2) ...
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Unpacking libgdal20 (2.2.2+dfsg-2+b3) over (2.2.2+dfsg-1) ...
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Unpacking gdal-bin (2.2.2+dfsg-2+b3) over (2.2.2+dfsg-1) ...
Selecting previously unselected package python-jwt.
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Unpacking python-jwt (1.5.3+ds1-1) ...
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Unpacking iso-codes (3.77-1) over (3.76-1) ...
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Unpacking libaprutil1-ldap:amd64 (1.6.1-1) over (1.6.0-2) ...
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Setting up python3-cryptography (2.1.3-3) ...
Setting up keyboard-configuration (1.171) ...
Setting up libwbclient0:amd64 (2:4.7.3+dfsg-1) ...
Setting up fontconfig-config (2.12.6-0.1) ...
Setting up libc6-dbg:amd64 (2.25-2) ...
Setting up libconfig-inifiles-perl (2.94-1) ...
Setting up mariadb-server-core-10.1 (1:10.1.29-6) ...
Setting up libdbd-sqlite3-perl (1.55~04-1) ...
Setting up exim4-config (4.89-11) ...
Processing triggers for mime-support (3.60) ...
Setting up flasm (1.62-10) ...
Setting up libfcgi0ldbl:amd64 (2.4.0-10) ...
Setting up iso-codes (3.77-1) ...
Setting up libopenmpt0:amd64 (0.3.3-1) ...
Setting up socat (1.7.3.2-2) ...
Setting up mariadb-client-core-10.1 (1:10.1.29-6) ...
Setting up multiarch-support (2.25-2) ...
Setting up libdevel-stacktrace-perl (2.0300-1) ...
Setting up libgcab-1.0-0:amd64 (0.7-5) ...
Setting up vboot-kernel-utils (0~R63-10032.B-2) ...
Setting up aircrack-ng (1:1.2-0~rc4-4) ...
Processing triggers for menu (2.1.47+b1) ...
Setting up samba-common (2:4.7.3+dfsg-1) ...
Setting up cgpt (0~R63-10032.B-2) ...
Setting up libmariadbclient18:amd64 (1:10.1.29-6) ...
Processing triggers for sgml-base (1.29) ...
Setting up python3-gi (3.26.1-1) ...
Setting up exim4-base (4.89-11) ...
Setting up python3-construct (2.8.16-0.1) ...
Setting up iproute2 (4.9.0-2.1) ...
Setting up python-jwt (1.5.3+ds1-1) ...
Setting up libdevel-partialdump-perl (0.20-1) ...
Setting up fonts-noto-mono (20171026-2) ...
Setting up xauth (1:1.0.10-1) ...
Setting up libarmadillo8 (1:8.200.2+dfsg-1) ...
Setting up gdal-data (2.2.2+dfsg-2) ...
Setting up libtevent0:amd64 (0.9.34-1) ...
Setting up nano (2.9.0-1) ...
Installing new version of config file /etc/nanorc ...
Setting up cabextract (1.6-1.1) ...
Setting up python-gi (3.26.1-1) ...
Processing triggers for libc-bin (2.25-2) ...
Setting up libaprutil1:amd64 (1.6.1-1) ...
Setting up libc-l10n (2.25-2) ...
Processing triggers for systemd (235-3) ...
Setting up python-cryptography (2.1.3-3) ...
Setting up python-cairo:amd64 (1.15.4-2) ...
Setting up vboot-utils (0~R63-10032.B-2) ...
Setting up man-db (2.7.6.1-4) ...
Updating database of manual pages ...
Setting up libfcgi-bin (2.4.0-10) ...
Setting up python3-cairo:amd64 (1.15.4-2) ...
Setting up libc-dev-bin (2.25-2) ...
Setting up exim4-daemon-light (4.89-11) ...
Setting up liborc-0.4-0:amd64 (1:0.4.28-1) ...
Setting up libkeyutils1:amd64 (1.5.9-9.2) ...
Setting up console-setup-linux (1.171) ...
Setting up metasploit-framework (4.16.19-0kali1) ...
Setting up libc6-dev:amd64 (2.25-2) ...
Setting up python-construct (2.8.16-0.1) ...
Setting up locales (2.25-2) ...
Installing new version of config file /etc/locale.alias ...
Generating locales (this might take a while)...
Generation complete.
Setting up libmysofa0:amd64 (0.6~dfsg0-2) ...
Setting up libxerces-c3.2:amd64 (3.2.0+debian-2) ...
Setting up mailutils-common (1:3.4-1) ...
Setting up libwww-perl (6.29-1) ...
Setting up libaprutil1-ldap:amd64 (1.6.1-1) ...
Setting up libwebp6:amd64 (0.6.0-4) ...
Setting up libmailutils5:amd64 (1:3.4-1) ...
Setting up console-setup (1.171) ...
Setting up libfontconfig1:amd64 (2.12.6-0.1) ...
Setting up mariadb-client-10.1 (1:10.1.29-6) ...
Setting up samba-libs:amd64 (2:4.7.3+dfsg-1) ...
Setting up samba-vfs-modules (2:4.7.3+dfsg-1) ...
Setting up python3-pyatspi (2.26.0+dfsg-1) ...
Setting up libaprutil1-dbd-sqlite3:amd64 (1.6.1-1) ...
Setting up python-gobject (3.26.1-1) ...
Setting up glusterfs-common (3.12.3-1) ...
Setting up libgdal20 (2.2.2+dfsg-2+b3) ...
Setting up python-samba (2:4.7.3+dfsg-1) ...
Setting up winexe (1.1~20140107-0kali6+b3) ...
Setting up python3-gi-cairo (3.26.1-1) ...
Setting up mailutils (1:3.4-1) ...
Setting up libsmbclient:amd64 (2:4.7.3+dfsg-1) ...
Setting up python-gdal (2.2.2+dfsg-2+b3) ...
Setting up smbclient (2:4.7.3+dfsg-1) ...
Setting up locales-all (2.25-2) ...
Setting up libwebpmux3:amd64 (0.6.0-4) ...
Setting up libwebpdemux2:amd64 (0.6.0-4) ...
Setting up samba-common-bin (2:4.7.3+dfsg-1) ...
Setting up mariadb-server-10.1 (1:10.1.29-6) ...
mariadb.service is a disabled or a static unit, not starting it.
Setting up gdal-bin (2.2.2+dfsg-2+b3) ...
Setting up samba-dsdb-modules (2:4.7.3+dfsg-1) ...
Setting up fontconfig (2.12.6-0.1) ...
Regenerating fonts cache... done.
Setting up samba (2:4.7.3+dfsg-1) ...
Samba is not being run as an AD Domain Controller.
Please ignore the following error about deb-systemd-helper not finding samba-ad-dc.service.
Processing triggers for libc-bin (2.25-2) ...
Processing triggers for menu (2.1.47+b1) ...
bash: ajpt: command not found
root@kali:~# ./VBoxLinuxAdditions.run
Verifying archive integrity... All good.
Uncompressing VirtualBox 5.2.2 Guest Additions for Linux........
VirtualBox Guest Additions installer
Removing installed version 5.2.2 of VirtualBox Guest Additions...
Copying additional installer modules ...
Installing additional modules ...
VirtualBox Guest Additions: Building the VirtualBox Guest Additions kernel modules.
This system is currently not set up to build kernel modules.
Please install the Linux kernel "header" files matching the current kernel
for adding new hardware support to the system.
The distribution packages containing the headers are probably:
    linux-headers-amd64 linux-headers-4.13.0-kali1-amd64
VirtualBox Guest Additions: Starting.
VirtualBox Guest Additions: Building the VirtualBox Guest Additions kernel modules.
This system is currently not set up to build kernel modules.
Please install the Linux kernel "header" files matching the current kernel
for adding new hardware support to the system.
The distribution packages containing the headers are probably:
    linux-headers-amd64 linux-headers-4.13.0-kali1-amd64
root@kali:~# apt -get linux-headers-4.13.0-kali-amd64
E: Command line option 'g' [from -get] is not understood in combination with the other options.
root@kali:~# apt-get install linux-headers-4.13.0-kali-amd64
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree       
Reading state information... Done
E: Unable to locate package linux-headers-4.13.0-kali-amd64
E: Couldn't find any package by glob 'linux-headers-4.13.0-kali-amd64'
E: Couldn't find any package by regex 'linux-headers-4.13.0-kali-amd64'
root@kali:~# apt-get search linux-headers
E: Invalid operation search
root@kali:~# apt-cache search linux-headers
aufs-dkms - DKMS files to build and install aufs
linux-headers-4.13.0-kali1-all - All header files for Linux 4.13 (meta-package)
linux-headers-4.13.0-kali1-all-amd64 - All header files for Linux 4.13 (meta-package)
linux-headers-4.13.0-kali1-amd64 - Header files for Linux 4.13.0-kali1-amd64
linux-headers-4.13.0-kali1-common - Common header files for Linux 4.13.0-kali1
linux-headers-amd64 - Header files for Linux amd64 configuration (meta-package)
linux-libc-dev-alpha-cross - Linux Kernel Headers for development (for cross-compiling)
linux-libc-dev-arm64-cross - Linux Kernel Headers for development (for cross-compiling)
linux-libc-dev-armel-cross - Linux Kernel Headers for development (for cross-compiling)
linux-libc-dev-armhf-cross - Linux Kernel Headers for development (for cross-compiling)
linux-libc-dev-hppa-cross - Linux Kernel Headers for development (for cross-compiling)
linux-libc-dev-m68k-cross - Linux Kernel Headers for development (for cross-compiling)
linux-libc-dev-mips-cross - Linux Kernel Headers for development (for cross-compiling)
linux-libc-dev-mips64-cross - Linux Kernel Headers for development (for cross-compiling)
linux-libc-dev-mips64el-cross - Linux Kernel Headers for development (for cross-compiling)
linux-libc-dev-mips64r6-cross - Linux Kernel Headers for development (for cross-compiling)
linux-libc-dev-mips64r6el-cross - Linux Kernel Headers for development (for cross-compiling)
linux-libc-dev-mipsel-cross - Linux Kernel Headers for development (for cross-compiling)
linux-libc-dev-mipsn32-cross - Linux Kernel Headers for development (for cross-compiling)
linux-libc-dev-mipsn32el-cross - Linux Kernel Headers for development (for cross-compiling)
linux-libc-dev-mipsn32r6-cross - Linux Kernel Headers for development (for cross-compiling)
linux-libc-dev-mipsn32r6el-cross - Linux Kernel Headers for development (for cross-compiling)
linux-libc-dev-mipsr6-cross - Linux Kernel Headers for development (for cross-compiling)
linux-libc-dev-mipsr6el-cross - Linux Kernel Headers for development (for cross-compiling)
linux-libc-dev-powerpc-cross - Linux Kernel Headers for development (for cross-compiling)
linux-libc-dev-powerpcspe-cross - Linux Kernel Headers for development (for cross-compiling)
linux-libc-dev-ppc64-cross - Linux Kernel Headers for development (for cross-compiling)
linux-libc-dev-ppc64el-cross - Linux Kernel Headers for development (for cross-compiling)
linux-libc-dev-s390x-cross - Linux Kernel Headers for development (for cross-compiling)
linux-libc-dev-sh4-cross - Linux Kernel Headers for development (for cross-compiling)
linux-libc-dev-sparc64-cross - Linux Kernel Headers for development (for cross-compiling)
root@kali:~# apt-get install linux-headers-4.13.0-kali1-all-amd64
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree       
Reading state information... Done
The following packages were automatically installed and are no longer required:
  libarmadillo7 libxerces-c3.1
Use 'apt autoremove' to remove them.
The following additional packages will be installed:
  cpp-6 gcc-6 linux-compiler-gcc-6-x86 linux-headers-4.13.0-kali1-amd64
  linux-headers-4.13.0-kali1-common linux-kbuild-4.13
Suggested packages:
  gcc-6-locales gcc-6-multilib gcc-6-doc libgcc1-dbg libgomp1-dbg libitm1-dbg
  libatomic1-dbg libasan3-dbg liblsan0-dbg libtsan0-dbg libubsan0-dbg
  libcilkrts5-dbg libmpx2-dbg libquadmath0-dbg
The following NEW packages will be installed:
  cpp-6 gcc-6 linux-compiler-gcc-6-x86 linux-headers-4.13.0-kali1-all-amd64
  linux-headers-4.13.0-kali1-amd64 linux-headers-4.13.0-kali1-common
  linux-kbuild-4.13
0 upgraded, 7 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.
Need to get 23.0 MB of archives.
After this operation, 101 MB of additional disk space will be used.
Do you want to continue? [Y/n] y
Get:1 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 cpp-6 amd64 6.4.0-10 [6,354 kB]
Get:2 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 gcc-6 amd64 6.4.0-10 [6,718 kB]
Get:3 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 linux-compiler-gcc-6-x86 amd64 4.13.13-1kali1 [496 kB]
Get:4 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 linux-headers-4.13.0-kali1-common all 4.13.13-1kali1 [7,756 kB]
Get:5 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 linux-kbuild-4.13 amd64 4.13.13-1kali1 [693 kB]
Get:6 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 linux-headers-4.13.0-kali1-amd64 amd64 4.13.13-1kali1 [463 kB]
Get:7 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 linux-headers-4.13.0-kali1-all-amd64 amd64 4.13.13-1kali1 [496 kB]
Fetched 23.0 MB in 3s (6,388 kB/s)                        
Selecting previously unselected package cpp-6.
(Reading database ... 327473 files and directories currently installed.)
Preparing to unpack .../0-cpp-6_6.4.0-10_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking cpp-6 (6.4.0-10) ...
Selecting previously unselected package gcc-6.
Preparing to unpack .../1-gcc-6_6.4.0-10_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking gcc-6 (6.4.0-10) ...
Selecting previously unselected package linux-compiler-gcc-6-x86.
Preparing to unpack .../2-linux-compiler-gcc-6-x86_4.13.13-1kali1_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking linux-compiler-gcc-6-x86 (4.13.13-1kali1) ...
Selecting previously unselected package linux-headers-4.13.0-kali1-common.
Preparing to unpack .../3-linux-headers-4.13.0-kali1-common_4.13.13-1kali1_all.deb ...
Unpacking linux-headers-4.13.0-kali1-common (4.13.13-1kali1) ...
Selecting previously unselected package linux-kbuild-4.13.
Preparing to unpack .../4-linux-kbuild-4.13_4.13.13-1kali1_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking linux-kbuild-4.13 (4.13.13-1kali1) ...
Selecting previously unselected package linux-headers-4.13.0-kali1-amd64.
Preparing to unpack .../5-linux-headers-4.13.0-kali1-amd64_4.13.13-1kali1_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking linux-headers-4.13.0-kali1-amd64 (4.13.13-1kali1) ...
Selecting previously unselected package linux-headers-4.13.0-kali1-all-amd64.
Preparing to unpack .../6-linux-headers-4.13.0-kali1-all-amd64_4.13.13-1kali1_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking linux-headers-4.13.0-kali1-all-amd64 (4.13.13-1kali1) ...
Setting up linux-kbuild-4.13 (4.13.13-1kali1) ...
Setting up linux-headers-4.13.0-kali1-common (4.13.13-1kali1) ...
Processing triggers for man-db (2.7.6.1-4) ...
Setting up cpp-6 (6.4.0-10) ...
Setting up gcc-6 (6.4.0-10) ...
Setting up linux-compiler-gcc-6-x86 (4.13.13-1kali1) ...
Setting up linux-headers-4.13.0-kali1-amd64 (4.13.13-1kali1) ...
Setting up linux-headers-4.13.0-kali1-all-amd64 (4.13.13-1kali1) ...
root@kali:~# ./VBoxLinuxAdditions.run
Verifying archive integrity... All good.
Uncompressing VirtualBox 5.2.2 Guest Additions for Linux........
VirtualBox Guest Additions installer
Removing installed version 5.2.2 of VirtualBox Guest Additions...
Copying additional installer modules ...
Installing additional modules ...
VirtualBox Guest Additions: Building the VirtualBox Guest Additions kernel modules.
VirtualBox Guest Additions: Starting.
root@kali:~#

Improve Your Developer Skills by Reading Bug Bounty Reports

I’m a professional software developer who likes to dabble in hacking.

I recently started spending time seeking out information security enthusiasts and hacking professionals who publish reports on their bug bounty work.

If you’re not familiar with bug bounties, the simplest explanation is someone putting up a prize or bounty for bugs found on a specific application / website.

Most of the time, bug bounties are official events where you register and are given guidelines in order to collect the bounty and that typically includes a good write up or report on how your discovered and exploited the bug and what type of bug it would be classifieds in to, like a “reflected XSS” cross-site scripting bug.

I’m going to use this bug discovery report from Vedant Tekale also known as “@Vegeta” on Twitter as an excellent bug bounty type of report where you can see the steps a hacker / attacker or bug bounty hunter would take to see if your website has a vulnerability that can be exploited.

As a software developer interested in creating secure applications for our users, we should always be aware of what tactics and techniques a bad actor might use against the products and features we are building.

Vedant’s write up is basically a step by step of what hackers would be looking for. First, look for bugs like XSS, open redirect, server-side request forgery (SSRF), Insecure direct object references (IDOR) but they found nothing.

With persistence, Vedant kept at it and found a bug in the password reset functionality where the password was reset feature was resetting the password to a brand new password on every forgot password attempt.

Also, rate limiting seemed to be missing as 88 password reset attempts went unchallenged so we guessing there was no rate limiting at all.

As a developer with a focus on security, I highly recommend adding reading bug bounty reports to your professional reading list. It will be a big eye opener for you if you’ve never tried hacking a web application before.

I’m on day 5 of chemo treatment for skin cancer and I think this is all I have in the tank tonight but I’m glad I got this blog post out before I have to put another round of chemo on my face for the night. It’s not pleasant. :-\

Hope this helps somebody. 😉
~CyberAbyss

How to Transfer Files from Windows PC to Linux Server Using Putty’s PSCP Command

Many blogs and web applications are being hosted on cloud based web servers. Of those web servers, many are running some flavor of the Linux operating system (OS).

If you’re a Windows PC user who is using a Linux web server for your online project then you have unique challenge that comes with being a dual OS user.

How will we transfer our files from our Windows development PC to our Linux cloud hosted blog or web app? Enter Putty and the PSCP command line tool!

What is Putty?

Putty is a Client application that handles connections to remote computers via the Telnet, SFTP and SSH protocols.

Putty Screenshot

What is PSCP?

PSCP is a command line application that is typically included in the Putty installation. PSCP transfers files between two computers from the Windows command line as long as firewalls allow the traffic on the designated ports for each type of traffic.

Transferring Files with PSCP from the Command Line

If you’ve installed Putty in the default directory, it will be here.

C:\Program Files\PuTTY

Open a Windows command line by clicking on the Windows start menu icon then entering “cmd” in the search field then find and click on the cmd icon.

Navigate to the Putty Directory by entering the command below.

C:\>CD c:\Program Files\Putty

Let’s look at an example PSCP command to transfer a file from a Windows PC to a Linux cloud web server with a fake user named root, IP of 45.99.99.99 and a target folder of /var/www/html

PSCP Copy Files from Windows PC to Linux Web Server Example

PSCP Command Line Example:

c:\>C:\Program Files\Putty\pscp c:\temp\sample.txt root@45.99.99.99:/var/www./html

Copying Files from Linux Web Server to Window PC

C:\Program Files\PuTTY>pscp root@45.99.99.99:/var/log/apache2/access.* c:\temp
 >root@45.99.99.99's password: [Enter Your Password]

That’s all you should need to know about connecting to a Linux cloud based web server from a Windows PC using the Putty SSH client.

Hope this helps you on your Cyber journey!

~Cyber Abyss

Deauthentication Attack using Kali Linux: How to use Airmon – Airodump – Aireplay to Deny Wi-Fi Access

What is a Wi-Fi “Deauth Attack”?

This article on deauthentication (Deauth) attacks on Hackernoon is a good a starting point.

https://hackernoon.com/forcing-a-device-to-disconnect-from-wifi-using-a-deauthentication-attack-f664b9940142

A Wi-Fi deauthentication attack is a Denial of Service (DOS) attack is done over Wi-Fi by flooding the air with deauthorization frames while spoofing the Wi-Fi SSID of your target wireless network.

This attack results in interruption in service for wireless devices by forcing them to disconnect from the target network.

As the device tries to reconnect, we continue to send deauth packets. Even if device does connect briefly, we eventually intercept one of the packets and device will disconnect.

If the attacker is relentless, your only option is to change your SSID but they can just pick it up again and repeat the process.

My Journey into Wi-Fi Hacking and Deauthentcation Attacks

I’ve been working in IT now for over 20 years and spend a percentage of my professional development time on InfoSec and IT Security related items as I feel its important to know how to use technology but also how criminals use the same technology to do bad things.

This article will be focusing on how to do a very basic WiFi “DeAuth” or deauthentication Attack using Kali Linux and the WiFi hacking tools included in it.

You can check out the Wikipedia description of a DeAuth Attack.
A “DeAuth” attack is considered a denial of service attack. Service will be denied to WiFi devices connected and listening to messages from a specific SSID where a “man in the middle” spoofs the SSID and transmits a message to all devices to disconnect from the WiFi network.

DeAuth or deauthentication attacks are often part of a larger attack like those used to force clients to connect to an “Evil twin access point” where network packets can be captured.

Some WiFi password attacks on WPA & WPA2 use brute force techniques along with DeAuth attacks to force a device offline then sniff out the WAP 4-way handshake when it reconnects.

Other password attacks are phishing in style as they also start with a DeAuth attack but then use a man-in-the-middle to collect passwords supplied by an unwitting user.

So how is this done?

First, the bad guy needs look around for a target which results in a wireless network target SSID.

Next, they turn their WiFi receiver in to a WiFi Transmitter. With the WiFi transmitter, they use the WiFi transmitter to spoof the targets wireless SSID in broadcast mode.

Attackers broadcast using the spoofed SSID transmits a “DeAuth” frame telling all the devices connected to the spoofed WiFi SSID to disconnect immediately.

**** IT IS ILLEGAL TO HACK OUTSIDE YOUR SANDBOX ****
**** DON’T DO IT & DON’T TALK ABOUT WHAT YOU DO ****

**** THIS INFORMATION IS FOR EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES ONLY ****

The information, I share below was gathered from publicly available resources and is intended as important and educational in the field of InfoSec.

I won’t cover what Kali Linux is or how to install it. I will provide some helpful links below.

This article will focus on how to use the tools in Kali Linux to go through the process of target selection and spoofing of WiFi SSID in order to launch a “DeAuth” attack denying connection to a specific WiFi signal for a period of time.

What Do You Need to Conduct a Wi-Fi Deauth Attack?

First, you’ll need Kali Linux.
Next, here are a list of Kali Linux Commands You Might Need.

Kali Linux Commands You May Need

#Tail command: tail redirects output from a file to the screen
#Use tail command to read in a file and display it on the screen

Example: tail -f -n 0 /var/log/messages

Note: -n is number of lines (default is 10), so -n 0 is a live feed of text.

Note: -f is “follow” option. output appended data as the file grows

Note: Get more help with tail by typing man tail.

Kali Linux Network Commands

#Network Config Examples
ifconfig

#Use iw to manipulate the wireless properties
iw

#Wireless Config Examples
#iwconfig [interface]
iwconfig eth0 freq 2422000000
iwconfig eth0 freq 2.422G
iwconfig eth0 channel 3
iwconfig eth0 channel auto
iwconfig wlan0 txpower 25

Pasted from <http://www.linuxcommand.org/man_pages/iwconfig8.html>

Note: Setting the county code on wireless card – Do this before modifying the transmit power.

For my USB wireless card has to have the country set before it would let me change the transmit power.

Setting the transmit power using the iw command.

iw is used to manipulate wireless properties.

Using Airmon Wireless Monitor

Kali Linux includes a tool called Airmon that has several features like airodump, aireply and others that we will use to conduct our Deauth attack.

#Airmon Wireless Monitor
#Use airmon-ng to set up a monitor

AIRMON:

airmon-ng start [interface]

Example: airmon-ng start wlan0

Note: Run the command below if you are having problems with other processes when trying to run airmon-ng

Example: airmon-ng check kill

AIRODUMP:

Note: Airodump Wireless Network MonitorUse Airodump to monitor wireless networks.

Starting airodumpairodump-ng [interface] /

Example: airodump-ng wlan0mon

Example: airodump-ng wlan0mon 
(Dump out the Monitor mon data from previous step)Press Ctrl + c to stop airodump-ng

The result is a monitor on wlan0 which shows as interface wlan0mon

Note: In the example below, the -0 represents “Type of Attack” = Deauthentication and 220 represents the amount of time to send deauthentication messages

Note: followed by the MAC Address and the Inteface that Airmon is listening on.

Example: aireplay-ng -0 220 [MAC Address] [interface]

Example: aireplay-ng -0 220 -a A0:63:91:A6:84:36 wlan0mon

Installing Virtualbox Guest Additions on Kali Linux: When nothing goes right and how I fixed it

Kali Linux Installation Problems

I’m getting various errors when installing Virtualbox Guest Additions on a Kali Linux VM.

Resources that helped:

Online articles and resources:
– https://askubuntu.com/questions/80341/unable-to-mount-virtualbox-guest-additions-as-a-guest-win7-host
– https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KAWRNjKpEd0
– https://askubuntu.com/questions/75709/how-do-i-install-kernel-header-files
– https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/328655/cant-install-linux-headers-kali-linux
– https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SOEYLMmfxKk

Steps:
1. Copy to desktop copy of VBoxLinuxAdditions.run from Guest Additions CD
2. run chmod +x ./VBoxLinusAdditions.run on Desktop copy
3. Attempt to fix headers on recommendation by upgrading of Linux components using: # apt update -y && apt upgrade -y && ajpt dist-upgrade
4. Realize that last step didn’t fix issue and that specific issue header module is corrupt or missing.
5. Find out what header modules are available using: apt-cache search linux-headers
6. Selected and installed module using: apt-get install linux-headers-4.13.0-kali1-all-amd64
7. Run ./VBoxLinuxAdditions.run
8. Success

Linux Command Line of Trial and Error w/ Fix

root@kali:~# ./VBoxLinuxAdditions.run
Verifying archive integrity... All good.
Uncompressing VirtualBox 5.2.2 Guest Additions for Linux........
VirtualBox Guest Additions installer
Removing installed version 5.2.2 of VirtualBox Guest Additions...
Copying additional installer modules ...
Installing additional modules ...
VirtualBox Guest Additions: Building the VirtualBox Guest Additions kernel modules.
This system is currently not set up to build kernel modules.
Please install the Linux kernel "header" files matching the current kernel
for adding new hardware support to the system.
The distribution packages containing the headers are probably:
    linux-headers-amd64 linux-headers-4.13.0-kali1-amd64
VirtualBox Guest Additions: Starting.
VirtualBox Guest Additions: Building the VirtualBox Guest Additions kernel modules.
This system is currently not set up to build kernel modules.
Please install the Linux kernel "header" files matching the current kernel
for adding new hardware support to the system.
The distribution packages containing the headers are probably:
    linux-headers-amd64 linux-headers-4.13.0-kali1-amd64
root@kali:~# clear

root@kali:~# apt update -y && apt upgrade -y && ajpt dist-upgrade
Get:2 https://packages.microsoft.com/repos/vscode stable InRelease [2,802 B]
Get:1 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling InRelease [30.5 kB]    
Get:3 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 Packages [15.6 MB]
Get:4 https://packages.microsoft.com/repos/vscode stable/main amd64 Packages [33.4 kB]
Get:5 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/non-free amd64 Packages [166 kB]
Get:6 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/contrib amd64 Packages [113 kB]
Fetched 16.0 MB in 4s (3,495 kB/s)                   
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree       
Reading state information... Done
86 packages can be upgraded. Run 'apt list --upgradable' to see them.
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree       
Reading state information... Done
Calculating upgrade... Done
The following packages were automatically installed and are no longer required:
  libarmadillo7 libxerces-c3.1
Use 'apt autoremove' to remove them.
The following NEW packages will be installed:
  libarmadillo8 libconfig-inifiles-perl libxerces-c3.2 python-jwt
The following packages will be upgraded:
  aircrack-ng cabextract cgpt console-setup console-setup-linux exim4-base
  exim4-config exim4-daemon-light flasm fontconfig fontconfig-config
  fonts-noto-mono gdal-bin gdal-data glusterfs-common iproute2 iso-codes
  keyboard-configuration libaprutil1 libaprutil1-dbd-sqlite3 libaprutil1-ldap
  libc-bin libc-dev-bin libc-l10n libc6 libc6-dbg libc6-dev
  libdbd-sqlite3-perl libdevel-partialdump-perl libdevel-stacktrace-perl
  libfcgi-bin libfcgi0ldbl libfontconfig1 libgcab-1.0-0 libgdal20 libkeyutils1
  libmailutils5 libmariadbclient18 libmysofa0 libopenmpt0 liborc-0.4-0
  libsmbclient libtevent0 libwbclient0 libwebp6 libwebpdemux2 libwebpmux3
  libwww-perl locales locales-all mailutils mailutils-common man-db
  mariadb-client-10.1 mariadb-client-core-10.1 mariadb-common
  mariadb-server-10.1 mariadb-server-core-10.1 metasploit-framework
  multiarch-support nano python-cairo python-construct python-cryptography
  python-gdal python-gi python-gobject python-samba python3-cairo
  python3-construct python3-cryptography python3-gi python3-gi-cairo
  python3-pyatspi samba samba-common samba-common-bin samba-dsdb-modules
  samba-libs samba-vfs-modules smbclient socat vboot-kernel-utils vboot-utils
  winexe xauth
86 upgraded, 4 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.
Need to get 173 MB/177 MB of archives.
After this operation, 3,631 kB disk space will be freed.
Get:1 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 libc-l10n all 2.25-2 [844 kB]
Get:2 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 locales all 2.25-2 [3,287 kB]
Get:3 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 locales-all amd64 2.25-2 [3,603 kB]
Get:4 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 libc6 amd64 2.25-2 [2,727 kB]
Get:5 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 libc-bin amd64 2.25-2 [788 kB]
Get:6 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 libc6-dbg amd64 2.25-2 [9,365 kB]
Get:7 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 libc-dev-bin amd64 2.25-2 [262 kB]
Get:8 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 libc6-dev amd64 2.25-2 [2,431 kB]
Get:9 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 man-db amd64 2.7.6.1-4 [1,047 kB]
Get:10 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 console-setup-linux all 1.171 [982 kB]
Get:11 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 console-setup all 1.171 [103 kB]
Get:12 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 keyboard-configuration all 1.171 [401 kB]
Get:13 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 fontconfig-config all 2.12.6-0.1 [304 kB]
Get:14 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 libfontconfig1 amd64 2.12.6-0.1 [368 kB]
Get:15 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 fontconfig amd64 2.12.6-0.1 [439 kB]
Get:16 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 samba-vfs-modules amd64 2:4.7.3+dfsg-1 [402 kB]
Get:17 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 samba-dsdb-modules amd64 2:4.7.3+dfsg-1 [342 kB]
Get:18 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 samba amd64 2:4.7.3+dfsg-1 [954 kB]
Get:19 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 samba-common-bin amd64 2:4.7.3+dfsg-1 [615 kB]
Get:20 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 smbclient amd64 2:4.7.3+dfsg-1 [448 kB]
Get:21 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 libsmbclient amd64 2:4.7.3+dfsg-1 [153 kB]
Get:22 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 winexe amd64 1.1~20140107-0kali6+b3 [32.4 kB]
Get:23 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 python-samba amd64 2:4.7.3+dfsg-1 [2,018 kB]
Get:24 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 samba-libs amd64 2:4.7.3+dfsg-1 [5,402 kB]
Get:25 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 libwbclient0 amd64 2:4.7.3+dfsg-1 [127 kB]
Get:26 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 samba-common all 2:4.7.3+dfsg-1 [162 kB]
Get:27 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 mariadb-common all 1:10.1.29-6 [28.2 kB]
Get:28 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 mariadb-client-core-10.1 amd64 1:10.1.29-6 [4,764 kB]
Get:29 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 libconfig-inifiles-perl all 2.94-1 [53.4 kB]
Get:30 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 mariadb-server-10.1 amd64 1:10.1.29-6 [5,050 kB]
Get:31 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 mariadb-client-10.1 amd64 1:10.1.29-6 [5,649 kB]
Get:32 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 mariadb-server-core-10.1 amd64 1:10.1.29-6 [4,920 kB]
Get:33 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 multiarch-support amd64 2.25-2 [204 kB]
Get:34 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 nano amd64 2.9.0-1 [512 kB]
Get:35 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 libkeyutils1 amd64 1.5.9-9.2 [12.9 kB]
Get:36 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 aircrack-ng amd64 1:1.2-0~rc4-4 [2,722 kB]
Get:37 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 cabextract amd64 1.6-1.1 [31.5 kB]
Get:38 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 cgpt amd64 0~R63-10032.B-2 [30.3 kB]
Get:39 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 exim4-config all 4.89-11 [317 kB]
Get:40 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 exim4-base amd64 4.89-11 [1,093 kB]
Get:41 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 exim4-daemon-light amd64 4.89-11 [546 kB]
Get:42 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 flasm amd64 1.62-10 [90.2 kB]
Get:43 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 gdal-data all 2.2.2+dfsg-2 [566 kB]
Get:44 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 libarmadillo8 amd64 1:8.200.2+dfsg-1 [82.3 kB]
Get:45 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 libmariadbclient18 amd64 1:10.1.29-6 [737 kB]
Get:46 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 libwebp6 amd64 0.6.0-4 [254 kB]
Get:47 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 libxerces-c3.2 amd64 3.2.0+debian-2 [863 kB]
Get:48 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 libgdal20 amd64 2.2.2+dfsg-2+b3 [5,318 kB]
Get:49 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 gdal-bin amd64 2.2.2+dfsg-2+b3 [373 kB]
Get:50 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 python-jwt all 1.5.3+ds1-1 [18.4 kB]
Get:51 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 glusterfs-common amd64 3.12.3-1 [5,188 kB]
Get:52 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 iso-codes all 3.77-1 [2,398 kB]
Get:53 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 libaprutil1-ldap amd64 1.6.1-1 [16.3 kB]
Get:54 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 libaprutil1-dbd-sqlite3 amd64 1.6.1-1 [18.2 kB]
Get:55 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 libaprutil1 amd64 1.6.1-1 [91.1 kB]
Get:56 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 libdbd-sqlite3-perl amd64 1.55~04-1 [166 kB]
Get:57 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 libdevel-partialdump-perl all 0.20-1 [15.3 kB]
Get:58 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 libdevel-stacktrace-perl all 2.0300-1 [28.0 kB]
Get:59 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 libfcgi-bin amd64 2.4.0-10 [12.4 kB]
Get:60 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 libfcgi0ldbl amd64 2.4.0-10 [155 kB]
Get:61 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 libgcab-1.0-0 amd64 0.7-5 [28.8 kB]
Get:62 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 mailutils amd64 1:3.4-1 [581 kB]
Get:63 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 libmailutils5 amd64 1:3.4-1 [873 kB]
Get:64 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 mailutils-common all 1:3.4-1 [678 kB]
Get:65 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 libmysofa0 amd64 0.6~dfsg0-2 [37.9 kB]
Get:66 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 libopenmpt0 amd64 0.3.3-1 [572 kB]
Get:67 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 liborc-0.4-0 amd64 1:0.4.28-1 [141 kB]
Get:68 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 libwebpdemux2 amd64 0.6.0-4 [81.7 kB]
Get:69 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 libwebpmux3 amd64 0.6.0-4 [91.8 kB]
Get:70 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 libwww-perl all 6.29-1 [186 kB]
Get:71 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 metasploit-framework amd64 4.16.19-0kali1 [88.8 MB]
Get:72 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 python-gdal amd64 2.2.2+dfsg-2+b3 [755 kB]
Get:73 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 python3-pyatspi all 2.26.0+dfsg-1 [34.6 kB]
Get:74 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 vboot-kernel-utils amd64 0~R63-10032.B-2 [268 kB]
Get:75 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 vboot-utils amd64 0~R63-10032.B-2 [121 kB]
Get:76 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 xauth amd64 1:1.0.10-1 [40.3 kB]
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Preparing to unpack .../53-python3-cryptography_2.1.3-3_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking python3-cryptography (2.1.3-3) over (1.9-1) ...
Preparing to unpack .../54-python3-gi-cairo_3.26.1-1_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking python3-gi-cairo (3.26.1-1) over (3.24.1-6) ...
Preparing to unpack .../55-python3-gi_3.26.1-1_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking python3-gi (3.26.1-1) over (3.24.1-6) ...
Preparing to unpack .../56-python3-pyatspi_2.26.0+dfsg-1_all.deb ...
Unpacking python3-pyatspi (2.26.0+dfsg-1) over (2.24.0+dfsg-1) ...
Preparing to unpack .../57-vboot-kernel-utils_0~R63-10032.B-2_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking vboot-kernel-utils (0~R63-10032.B-2) over (0~R52-8350.B-2) ...
Preparing to unpack .../58-vboot-utils_0~R63-10032.B-2_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking vboot-utils (0~R63-10032.B-2) over (0~R52-8350.B-2) ...
Preparing to unpack .../59-xauth_1%3a1.0.10-1_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking xauth (1:1.0.10-1) over (1:1.0.9-1+b2) ...
Setting up python3-cryptography (2.1.3-3) ...
Setting up keyboard-configuration (1.171) ...
Setting up libwbclient0:amd64 (2:4.7.3+dfsg-1) ...
Setting up fontconfig-config (2.12.6-0.1) ...
Setting up libc6-dbg:amd64 (2.25-2) ...
Setting up libconfig-inifiles-perl (2.94-1) ...
Setting up mariadb-server-core-10.1 (1:10.1.29-6) ...
Setting up libdbd-sqlite3-perl (1.55~04-1) ...
Setting up exim4-config (4.89-11) ...
Processing triggers for mime-support (3.60) ...
Setting up flasm (1.62-10) ...
Setting up libfcgi0ldbl:amd64 (2.4.0-10) ...
Setting up iso-codes (3.77-1) ...
Setting up libopenmpt0:amd64 (0.3.3-1) ...
Setting up socat (1.7.3.2-2) ...
Setting up mariadb-client-core-10.1 (1:10.1.29-6) ...
Setting up multiarch-support (2.25-2) ...
Setting up libdevel-stacktrace-perl (2.0300-1) ...
Setting up libgcab-1.0-0:amd64 (0.7-5) ...
Setting up vboot-kernel-utils (0~R63-10032.B-2) ...
Setting up aircrack-ng (1:1.2-0~rc4-4) ...
Processing triggers for menu (2.1.47+b1) ...
Setting up samba-common (2:4.7.3+dfsg-1) ...
Setting up cgpt (0~R63-10032.B-2) ...
Setting up libmariadbclient18:amd64 (1:10.1.29-6) ...
Processing triggers for sgml-base (1.29) ...
Setting up python3-gi (3.26.1-1) ...
Setting up exim4-base (4.89-11) ...
Setting up python3-construct (2.8.16-0.1) ...
Setting up iproute2 (4.9.0-2.1) ...
Setting up python-jwt (1.5.3+ds1-1) ...
Setting up libdevel-partialdump-perl (0.20-1) ...
Setting up fonts-noto-mono (20171026-2) ...
Setting up xauth (1:1.0.10-1) ...
Setting up libarmadillo8 (1:8.200.2+dfsg-1) ...
Setting up gdal-data (2.2.2+dfsg-2) ...
Setting up libtevent0:amd64 (0.9.34-1) ...
Setting up nano (2.9.0-1) ...
Installing new version of config file /etc/nanorc ...
Setting up cabextract (1.6-1.1) ...
Setting up python-gi (3.26.1-1) ...
Processing triggers for libc-bin (2.25-2) ...
Setting up libaprutil1:amd64 (1.6.1-1) ...
Setting up libc-l10n (2.25-2) ...
Processing triggers for systemd (235-3) ...
Setting up python-cryptography (2.1.3-3) ...
Setting up python-cairo:amd64 (1.15.4-2) ...
Setting up vboot-utils (0~R63-10032.B-2) ...
Setting up man-db (2.7.6.1-4) ...
Updating database of manual pages ...
Setting up libfcgi-bin (2.4.0-10) ...
Setting up python3-cairo:amd64 (1.15.4-2) ...
Setting up libc-dev-bin (2.25-2) ...
Setting up exim4-daemon-light (4.89-11) ...
Setting up liborc-0.4-0:amd64 (1:0.4.28-1) ...
Setting up libkeyutils1:amd64 (1.5.9-9.2) ...
Setting up console-setup-linux (1.171) ...
Setting up metasploit-framework (4.16.19-0kali1) ...
Setting up libc6-dev:amd64 (2.25-2) ...
Setting up python-construct (2.8.16-0.1) ...
Setting up locales (2.25-2) ...
Installing new version of config file /etc/locale.alias ...
Generating locales (this might take a while)...
Generation complete.
Setting up libmysofa0:amd64 (0.6~dfsg0-2) ...
Setting up libxerces-c3.2:amd64 (3.2.0+debian-2) ...
Setting up mailutils-common (1:3.4-1) ...
Setting up libwww-perl (6.29-1) ...
Setting up libaprutil1-ldap:amd64 (1.6.1-1) ...
Setting up libwebp6:amd64 (0.6.0-4) ...
Setting up libmailutils5:amd64 (1:3.4-1) ...
Setting up console-setup (1.171) ...
Setting up libfontconfig1:amd64 (2.12.6-0.1) ...
Setting up mariadb-client-10.1 (1:10.1.29-6) ...
Setting up samba-libs:amd64 (2:4.7.3+dfsg-1) ...
Setting up samba-vfs-modules (2:4.7.3+dfsg-1) ...
Setting up python3-pyatspi (2.26.0+dfsg-1) ...
Setting up libaprutil1-dbd-sqlite3:amd64 (1.6.1-1) ...
Setting up python-gobject (3.26.1-1) ...
Setting up glusterfs-common (3.12.3-1) ...
Setting up libgdal20 (2.2.2+dfsg-2+b3) ...
Setting up python-samba (2:4.7.3+dfsg-1) ...
Setting up winexe (1.1~20140107-0kali6+b3) ...
Setting up python3-gi-cairo (3.26.1-1) ...
Setting up mailutils (1:3.4-1) ...
Setting up libsmbclient:amd64 (2:4.7.3+dfsg-1) ...
Setting up python-gdal (2.2.2+dfsg-2+b3) ...
Setting up smbclient (2:4.7.3+dfsg-1) ...
Setting up locales-all (2.25-2) ...
Setting up libwebpmux3:amd64 (0.6.0-4) ...
Setting up libwebpdemux2:amd64 (0.6.0-4) ...
Setting up samba-common-bin (2:4.7.3+dfsg-1) ...
Setting up mariadb-server-10.1 (1:10.1.29-6) ...
mariadb.service is a disabled or a static unit, not starting it.
Setting up gdal-bin (2.2.2+dfsg-2+b3) ...
Setting up samba-dsdb-modules (2:4.7.3+dfsg-1) ...
Setting up fontconfig (2.12.6-0.1) ...
Regenerating fonts cache... done.
Setting up samba (2:4.7.3+dfsg-1) ...
Samba is not being run as an AD Domain Controller.
Please ignore the following error about deb-systemd-helper not finding samba-ad-dc.service.
Processing triggers for libc-bin (2.25-2) ...
Processing triggers for menu (2.1.47+b1) ...
bash: ajpt: command not found
root@kali:~# ./VBoxLinuxAdditions.run
Verifying archive integrity... All good.
Uncompressing VirtualBox 5.2.2 Guest Additions for Linux........
VirtualBox Guest Additions installer
Removing installed version 5.2.2 of VirtualBox Guest Additions...
Copying additional installer modules ...
Installing additional modules ...
VirtualBox Guest Additions: Building the VirtualBox Guest Additions kernel modules.
This system is currently not set up to build kernel modules.
Please install the Linux kernel "header" files matching the current kernel
for adding new hardware support to the system.
The distribution packages containing the headers are probably:
    linux-headers-amd64 linux-headers-4.13.0-kali1-amd64
VirtualBox Guest Additions: Starting.
VirtualBox Guest Additions: Building the VirtualBox Guest Additions kernel modules.
This system is currently not set up to build kernel modules.
Please install the Linux kernel "header" files matching the current kernel
for adding new hardware support to the system.
The distribution packages containing the headers are probably:
    linux-headers-amd64 linux-headers-4.13.0-kali1-amd64
root@kali:~# apt -get linux-headers-4.13.0-kali-amd64
E: Command line option 'g' [from -get] is not understood in combination with the other options.
root@kali:~# apt-get install linux-headers-4.13.0-kali-amd64
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree       
Reading state information... Done
E: Unable to locate package linux-headers-4.13.0-kali-amd64
E: Couldn't find any package by glob 'linux-headers-4.13.0-kali-amd64'
E: Couldn't find any package by regex 'linux-headers-4.13.0-kali-amd64'
root@kali:~# apt-get search linux-headers
E: Invalid operation search
root@kali:~# apt-cache search linux-headers
aufs-dkms - DKMS files to build and install aufs
linux-headers-4.13.0-kali1-all - All header files for Linux 4.13 (meta-package)
linux-headers-4.13.0-kali1-all-amd64 - All header files for Linux 4.13 (meta-package)
linux-headers-4.13.0-kali1-amd64 - Header files for Linux 4.13.0-kali1-amd64
linux-headers-4.13.0-kali1-common - Common header files for Linux 4.13.0-kali1
linux-headers-amd64 - Header files for Linux amd64 configuration (meta-package)
linux-libc-dev-alpha-cross - Linux Kernel Headers for development (for cross-compiling)
linux-libc-dev-arm64-cross - Linux Kernel Headers for development (for cross-compiling)
linux-libc-dev-armel-cross - Linux Kernel Headers for development (for cross-compiling)
linux-libc-dev-armhf-cross - Linux Kernel Headers for development (for cross-compiling)
linux-libc-dev-hppa-cross - Linux Kernel Headers for development (for cross-compiling)
linux-libc-dev-m68k-cross - Linux Kernel Headers for development (for cross-compiling)
linux-libc-dev-mips-cross - Linux Kernel Headers for development (for cross-compiling)
linux-libc-dev-mips64-cross - Linux Kernel Headers for development (for cross-compiling)
linux-libc-dev-mips64el-cross - Linux Kernel Headers for development (for cross-compiling)
linux-libc-dev-mips64r6-cross - Linux Kernel Headers for development (for cross-compiling)
linux-libc-dev-mips64r6el-cross - Linux Kernel Headers for development (for cross-compiling)
linux-libc-dev-mipsel-cross - Linux Kernel Headers for development (for cross-compiling)
linux-libc-dev-mipsn32-cross - Linux Kernel Headers for development (for cross-compiling)
linux-libc-dev-mipsn32el-cross - Linux Kernel Headers for development (for cross-compiling)
linux-libc-dev-mipsn32r6-cross - Linux Kernel Headers for development (for cross-compiling)
linux-libc-dev-mipsn32r6el-cross - Linux Kernel Headers for development (for cross-compiling)
linux-libc-dev-mipsr6-cross - Linux Kernel Headers for development (for cross-compiling)
linux-libc-dev-mipsr6el-cross - Linux Kernel Headers for development (for cross-compiling)
linux-libc-dev-powerpc-cross - Linux Kernel Headers for development (for cross-compiling)
linux-libc-dev-powerpcspe-cross - Linux Kernel Headers for development (for cross-compiling)
linux-libc-dev-ppc64-cross - Linux Kernel Headers for development (for cross-compiling)
linux-libc-dev-ppc64el-cross - Linux Kernel Headers for development (for cross-compiling)
linux-libc-dev-s390x-cross - Linux Kernel Headers for development (for cross-compiling)
linux-libc-dev-sh4-cross - Linux Kernel Headers for development (for cross-compiling)
linux-libc-dev-sparc64-cross - Linux Kernel Headers for development (for cross-compiling)
root@kali:~# apt-get install linux-headers-4.13.0-kali1-all-amd64
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree       
Reading state information... Done
The following packages were automatically installed and are no longer required:
  libarmadillo7 libxerces-c3.1
Use 'apt autoremove' to remove them.
The following additional packages will be installed:
  cpp-6 gcc-6 linux-compiler-gcc-6-x86 linux-headers-4.13.0-kali1-amd64
  linux-headers-4.13.0-kali1-common linux-kbuild-4.13
Suggested packages:
  gcc-6-locales gcc-6-multilib gcc-6-doc libgcc1-dbg libgomp1-dbg libitm1-dbg
  libatomic1-dbg libasan3-dbg liblsan0-dbg libtsan0-dbg libubsan0-dbg
  libcilkrts5-dbg libmpx2-dbg libquadmath0-dbg
The following NEW packages will be installed:
  cpp-6 gcc-6 linux-compiler-gcc-6-x86 linux-headers-4.13.0-kali1-all-amd64
  linux-headers-4.13.0-kali1-amd64 linux-headers-4.13.0-kali1-common
  linux-kbuild-4.13
0 upgraded, 7 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.
Need to get 23.0 MB of archives.
After this operation, 101 MB of additional disk space will be used.
Do you want to continue? [Y/n] y
Get:1 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 cpp-6 amd64 6.4.0-10 [6,354 kB]
Get:2 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 gcc-6 amd64 6.4.0-10 [6,718 kB]
Get:3 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 linux-compiler-gcc-6-x86 amd64 4.13.13-1kali1 [496 kB]
Get:4 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 linux-headers-4.13.0-kali1-common all 4.13.13-1kali1 [7,756 kB]
Get:5 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 linux-kbuild-4.13 amd64 4.13.13-1kali1 [693 kB]
Get:6 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 linux-headers-4.13.0-kali1-amd64 amd64 4.13.13-1kali1 [463 kB]
Get:7 http://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/kali kali-rolling/main amd64 linux-headers-4.13.0-kali1-all-amd64 amd64 4.13.13-1kali1 [496 kB]
Fetched 23.0 MB in 3s (6,388 kB/s)                        
Selecting previously unselected package cpp-6.
(Reading database ... 327473 files and directories currently installed.)
Preparing to unpack .../0-cpp-6_6.4.0-10_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking cpp-6 (6.4.0-10) ...
Selecting previously unselected package gcc-6.
Preparing to unpack .../1-gcc-6_6.4.0-10_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking gcc-6 (6.4.0-10) ...
Selecting previously unselected package linux-compiler-gcc-6-x86.
Preparing to unpack .../2-linux-compiler-gcc-6-x86_4.13.13-1kali1_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking linux-compiler-gcc-6-x86 (4.13.13-1kali1) ...
Selecting previously unselected package linux-headers-4.13.0-kali1-common.
Preparing to unpack .../3-linux-headers-4.13.0-kali1-common_4.13.13-1kali1_all.deb ...
Unpacking linux-headers-4.13.0-kali1-common (4.13.13-1kali1) ...
Selecting previously unselected package linux-kbuild-4.13.
Preparing to unpack .../4-linux-kbuild-4.13_4.13.13-1kali1_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking linux-kbuild-4.13 (4.13.13-1kali1) ...
Selecting previously unselected package linux-headers-4.13.0-kali1-amd64.
Preparing to unpack .../5-linux-headers-4.13.0-kali1-amd64_4.13.13-1kali1_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking linux-headers-4.13.0-kali1-amd64 (4.13.13-1kali1) ...
Selecting previously unselected package linux-headers-4.13.0-kali1-all-amd64.
Preparing to unpack .../6-linux-headers-4.13.0-kali1-all-amd64_4.13.13-1kali1_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking linux-headers-4.13.0-kali1-all-amd64 (4.13.13-1kali1) ...
Setting up linux-kbuild-4.13 (4.13.13-1kali1) ...
Setting up linux-headers-4.13.0-kali1-common (4.13.13-1kali1) ...
Processing triggers for man-db (2.7.6.1-4) ...
Setting up cpp-6 (6.4.0-10) ...
Setting up gcc-6 (6.4.0-10) ...
Setting up linux-compiler-gcc-6-x86 (4.13.13-1kali1) ...
Setting up linux-headers-4.13.0-kali1-amd64 (4.13.13-1kali1) ...
Setting up linux-headers-4.13.0-kali1-all-amd64 (4.13.13-1kali1) ...
root@kali:~# ./VBoxLinuxAdditions.run
Verifying archive integrity... All good.
Uncompressing VirtualBox 5.2.2 Guest Additions for Linux........
VirtualBox Guest Additions installer
Removing installed version 5.2.2 of VirtualBox Guest Additions...
Copying additional installer modules ...
Installing additional modules ...
VirtualBox Guest Additions: Building the VirtualBox Guest Additions kernel modules.
VirtualBox Guest Additions: Starting.
root@kali:~#

March 2023
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20	21	22	23	24	25	26
27	28	29	30	31

Where to Get Kali Linux 2022.3 for Your Virtual Box VM

Setting up the Kali Linux ISO for Installation on Virtual Box VM

New Changes to Kali Linux Setup of Root User Since Version 2022.1

Black Screen After Logging in to New Install of Kali Linux 2022.3

Steps to Fix Kali Linux 2022.3 Black Screen

Video: Fix for Kali Linux 2022.3 Black Screen

Fixing Root User After Installing Kali Linux 2022.3

Video: How to Fix Root User in Kali Linux 2022.3 After Installation

Summary

Apt-Get Install Fails with Err1 & 404 Not Found Error

Apt-Get Update Error

Fix for Kali Linux Invalid Signature Error

Important Notes:

Video: Kali Linux Signature Error Fix

Other Helpful Kali Linux References

Background

************** UPDATE ***************

I still recommend you do the steps described below anyway but there is another issue and I won’t take any credit for the solution but I’ll give you the link. It is a USB power issue.

Adjust USB Power Management on the Host PC

USB Power Mangement in Kali Linux

The Problem.. How it all started

Troubleshooting Resources the Helped

Troubleshooting Steps

Linux Command Line of Trial and Error w/ Fix

What is Putty?

Putty Screenshot

What is PSCP?

Transferring Files with PSCP from the Command Line

PSCP Copy Files from Windows PC to Linux Web Server Example

PSCP Command Line Example:

Copying Files from Linux Web Server to Window PC

What is a Wi-Fi “Deauth Attack”?

My Journey into Wi-Fi Hacking and Deauthentcation Attacks

What Do You Need to Conduct a Wi-Fi Deauth Attack?

Kali Linux Commands You May Need

Kali Linux Network Commands

Using Airmon Wireless Monitor

Kali Linux Installation Problems

Linux Command Line of Trial and Error w/ Fix

UPDATE *